RNA-Binding Proteins Regulate CD8+ T Cell Biology: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities

Background: Immune-related diseases contribute substantially to global morbidity and mortality. CD8⁺ T cells play a critical role in adaptive immunity by eliminating virus-infected and malignant cells. The biology of CD8⁺ T cells is governed by tightly regulated gene expression programs, and disruption of these programs can lead to diverse immunopathologies and malignancies. This article evaluates our current understanding of post-transcriptional and translational regulation of gene expression in CD8⁺ T cells by RNA-binding proteins. Methods: Relevant and up-to-date literature was critically analyzed to gain mechanistic insights into the roles of RNA-binding proteins in CD8⁺ T cell biology and to identify key knowledge gaps and future directions, with particular emphasis on therapeutic implications. Selected studies from other immune cell types are incorporated to highlight conserved and cell type-specific regulatory mechanisms. Results: RNA-binding proteins regulate diverse aspects of CD8⁺ T cell biology, including differentiation, cytokine production, stress adaptation, and proliferation. Recent studies further reveal how dysregulated expression and function of RNA-binding proteins contribute to hyperinflammation and malignancy. Conclusions: RNA-binding proteins are emerging as key regulators of the innate and adaptive immune system and represent promising therapeutic targets across a broad range of immune-related diseases.