THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF UYGHUR PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT IN THE 18TH–19TH CENTURIES

16th -17th centuries – The Yarkand Khanate played a significant role in the development of the Uyghur people's cultural and political power. From the late 16th century, scholars affiliated with the Naqshbandi order held political authority, and later the Dzungars governed the region for a period of time. From the second half of the 18th century onward, the Chinese-Manchu occupation intensified the Uyghur people’s struggle for freedom. In the active resistance against colonial policy and reactionary ideology, progressive sociopolitical issues came to the forefront among the Uyghur people throughout the 19th century. In the first half of the 19th century, Uyghur intellectuals such as Muhammad Sadiq Kashgari, Abdurahim Nizari, Turdi Garibi, Imir Husayn Saburi, Nazugum, and others addressed socio-political as well as philosophical and ethical issues, fought for the spiritual and social liberation of the people, and carried out active efforts in this direction. Their works contain ethical and original ideas that remain relevant today and undoubtedly contribute to the moral education of the younger generation. From this perspective, the study of the Uyghur people's centuries-long history of socio-philosophical and ethical thought holds great significance.