Non-redundant spherical near-field sampling for efficient incident power density assessment for Electromagnetic Safety

Introduction Assessment of incident power density (IPD) for radiating antennas using conventional equal-angle spherical sampling leads to redundant measurement points and reduced efficiency. Methods This study introduces a non-redundant uniform spherical sampling method for assessing IPD in radiating antennas, implemented using spiral-based and particle-based sampling schemes. The proposed approach is validated using a K-band rectangular horn antenna operating at 18 GHz. Its performance is compared with conventional equal-angle sampling in terms of far-field patterns, peak IPD components, and 4-cm 2 averaged IPD over source‐observation distances ranging from 300 to 1,000 mm. Results The proposed non-redundant sampling method produces far-field patterns that are nearly identical to those obtained using equal-angle sampling. The discrepancies in peak IPD components and their 4-cm 2 averaged values are less than 0.17 dB across all evaluated distances. The number of measurement points is reduced by approximately 40%. Discussion The results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves measurement efficiency while preserving high accuracy in IPD assessment and antenna far-field characterization, providing a practical and reliable solution for antenna measurements and electromagnetic field safety assessments.