ICT adoption in Lagos building production management: a 4Ps framework for project delivery outcomes

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has transformative potential to improve building project outcomes, yet adoption remains uneven in developing contexts such as Lagos, Nigeria. This study applied the 4Ps framework (People, Process, Product, and Policy) to examine the levels, drivers, and barriers to ICT adoption among building professionals in Lagos. A structured questionnaire was administered to 53 purposively selected professionals across architecture, engineering, construction, and quantity surveying. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Likert weighted scoring, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), reliability testing, and multivariate regression. The findings indicate that while mobile-based tools and AutoCAD are commonly used, advanced systems such as Building Information Management (BIM) and project scheduling software are underutilised. Descriptive rankings identified improved communication, productivity, and time savings as top benefits, while high software costs and inadequate training were the most prominent barriers. EFA identified four latent constructs aligned with the 4Ps, explaining 66.61% of the total variance. Internal consistency was high across factors (Cronbach’s α: Policy = 0.94, Product = 0.94, Process = 0.92, People = 0.85). Regression results revealed that Workplace ICT Access (β = 0.90) and ICT Expertise (β = 0.28) are statistically significant predictors of ICT adoption (Adjusted R 2 = 0.976, p < 0.001). The study concludes that structural enablers, such as access to workplace tools and user expertise, are more critical than demographic or attitudinal factors. Comparative analysis suggests that Lagos’s trends mirror those in Kenya and Ghana, with enhanced performance but lagging behind in the use of advanced ICT applications, such as BIM uptake, as seen in South Africa. Policy recommendations include subsidising software costs, integrating ICT training into curricula, and instituting national digital construction standards. These findings contribute to theory by validating the 4Ps model in a new context and by offering practical strategies for ICT-driven improvements in project delivery outcomes across similar developing cities in sub-Saharan Africa.