Autophagy in ocular diseases: from mechanisms to therapeutic potential

Autophagy represents a fundamental and evolutionarily preserved mechanism of degradation and metabolism in eukaryotic cells. This process is triggered by a variety of stressors, including nutrient deprivation, energy deficits, protein misfolding, low oxygen levels, and pathogen infections by pathogens. Autophagy plays a vital role in maintaining cellular equilibrium. The process of vision is notably complex, making the eye one of the most metabolically active tissues in the human body. The proper function of the eye relies on the preservation of metabolic homeostasis and the structural integrity of organelles within various types of cells, including those found in the cornea, lens, retina, and optic nerve. As a result, any disruption in autophagy is closely linked to numerous ocular conditions. This review meticulously examines and elucidates the role of autophagy in ophthalmic diseases and explores its involvement in disease progression and treatment strategies, with the aim of presenting potential therapeutic approaches and a foundational framework for future research into the management of ophthalmic disorders.