Digital cognitive democracy and the public sphere in Indonesia’s electoral politics

This article presents a theory-informed analytical perspective, with structured empirical anchoring in secondary data and documented election-cycle evidence (2019 and 2024) from the Indonesian case. It argues that social media platforms have created new arenas of political communication where citizens engage directly with leaders, share perspectives, and mobilize around issues. While these developments expand participation, they expose democracy to challenges such as disinformation, polarization, and unequal access. The discussion is anchored in three main perspectives. First, the public sphere emphasizes the importance of open, rational dialogue, highlighting the opportunities and risks of online political discourse. Second, the network society framework explains how digital connectivity empowers civic actors and enables manipulation and echo chambers. Third, the emerging concept of digital cognitive democracy, or d-cognocracy, points toward innovative models where technology enhances deliberation, knowledge-sharing, and policy decision-making.