The digital double bind: how social media amplifies gender paradoxes for women political leaders in patriarchal societies

The digital revolution has transformed the landscape of political communication, creating new opportunities and challenges for women political leaders worldwide. In patriarchal societies, particularly across Southeast Asia, the rise of social media has not uniformly democratized political participation — it has, in many cases, intensified the double bind that women leaders face: the paradox of being simultaneously expected to exhibit masculine authority and feminine warmth. This mini review synthesizes recent empirical and theoretical literature (2020–2025) to examine how digital platforms amplify gender paradoxes for women political leaders in societies characterized by strong patriarchal norms. Drawing on evidence from Indonesia, Tunisia, Brazil, Nigeria, and comparative Asian contexts, we identify three major mechanisms through which social media exacerbates the double bind: (1) algorithmic amplification of gender stereotypes, (2) platform affordance mismatches between masculine political discourse norms and feminized self-presentation logic, and (3) accelerated public scrutiny that blurs the private–public boundary and reinvokes domestic framing. We further review emerging coping strategies — including calibrated authenticity, gender-fluid communication, and cultural symbol appropriation — that women leaders deploy to navigate these digital constraints. A conceptual three-level framework (macro–meso–micro) is proposed to guide future research. The review concludes by identifying critical research gaps, particularly the near absence of studies from Eastern Indonesia and culturally conservative local governance contexts and calls for a new integrative framework to advance understanding of women's political communication in the Global South.