POEMS syndrome with cardiovascular lesions as the initial manifestation: a case report and literature review

Polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal protein, and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome is frequently mistaken for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, as its clinical profile is highly variable and neurological symptoms often dominate the initial course. In the present case, the disorder initially presented as cardiovascular dysfunction, which delayed decision-making related to the original diagnosis. As the condition advanced, the patient developed progressive limb weakness, splenomegaly, and abnormalities in lipid metabolism. Whole-body bone scintigraphy revealed osteolytic lesions in association with a plasmacytoma, whereas the serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels were markedly elevated. Based on the cumulative findings, POEMS syndrome was diagnosed. Treatment with interventional chemotherapy combined with adjunctive symptomatic care resulted in a marked reduction in symptoms and promoted functional recovery. This case provides detailed clinical evidence highlighting the critical importance of early recognition and accurate diagnostic evaluation in POEMS syndrome. By aligning our observations with the existing literature, we emphasize strategies that promote timely diagnosis, minimize diagnostic error, and improve therapeutic outcomes.