Merging multimodal digital biomarkers into “Digital Neuro Fingerprints” for precision neurology in dementias: the promise of the right treatment for the right patient at the right time in the age of AI

Digital biomarkers are revolutionizing medicine in ways that were unimaginable a few years ago. Consequently, precision medicine approaches now realistically can promise personalization, i.e., the right treatments for the right patients at the right time, including earlier, targeted interventions which lead to a major paradigm shift in how medicine is practiced from reactive to preventive action. Although the scientific evidence is clear on the power of digital biomarkers, there is an unmet need for translating these findings into actionable insights in clinical practice. In this paper, we focus on Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD), and how digital biomarkers could empower clinical decision making in its preclinical stages. We argue that a new all-encompassing score is needed, akin to a BrainHealth Index linked to the established and validated risk stratifications frameworks and is directed at the prevention of ADRD. Specifically, we propose the new concept "Digital Neuro Fingerprint (DNF)", built with simultaneous collection of multimodal digital biomarkers (speech, gait, eye movements etc.) from smartphone based augmented reality or virtual reality while an individual is immersed in activities of daily living. Fusing the captured multimodal digital biomarkers, data is automatically analyzed with custom combinations of machine- and deep-learning approaches and enhanced with explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) and uncertainty quantifications. We argue that DNF is useful for capturing ADRD progression and should supersede the biomarkers that are invasive and expensive to obtain, offering a sensitive and highly specific score that measures meaningful aspects of health for the patients in high-frequency intervals.