Impact of water sanitation and hygiene on quality education in developing countries: a review of theories and indicators

Access to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) has increasingly been adopted as a quality determinant of education that affects learning and health outcomes. This study reviews literature on the conceptual synthesis, theory integration, Indicator clarification of the impact of WASH on quality education. A narrative review method was adopted for this study. Desk-based review of literature was used to find and read studies pertaining to the relationship between WASH and educational quality in different culture settings that include developing nations. Three broad theoretical perspectives like ecological system approach, human capital theory, and health belief model have been employed widely in studies examining this link. These studies tend to investigate a battery of variables including infrastructure quality, hygiene behavior, school attendance, gender disparities, and broader socio-economic determinants. This study contributes to knowledge by the development of an integrated variable framework linking WASH inputs to educational outcomes through mediating and moderating conditions. Furthermore, this study will provide literatures on the relationship between WASH and Quality Education for researchers and policy makers towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals 4.