Residual cholesterol is independently associated with arteriogenic erectile dysfunction: results from a multi-institutional study

Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is increasingly recognized as an early indicator of vascular health, with arteriogenic ED (AED) being the subtype most closely linked to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Residual cholesterol (RC), a lipid fraction carried by triglyceride-rich lipoprotein remnants, has emerged as a novel marker of residual cardiovascular and metabolic risk. However, its relationship with ED, particularly AED, has not been well characterized. Methods: From April 2023 to May 2025, men presenting with ED and controls were consecutively recruited from three hospitals. Erectile function was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5), nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity (NPTR), and color duplex Doppler ultrasonography (CDDU) to identify AED. Demographic, lifestyle, clinical, and biochemical data were collected. RC values were calculated using the formula: RC = total cholesterol (TC) - HDL-C - LDL-C. Logistic regression and ROC curve analyses were performed to evaluate the association and predictive value of lipid parameters for AED. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate associations between lipid parameters and ED/AED, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: A total of 216 men with ED and 110 controls were included, among whom 118 were diagnosed with AED. RC levels were significantly higher in the ED group than in controls (0.57 ± 0.33 vs. 0.50 ± 0.18 mmol/L, P = 0.042), although the association with overall ED was attenuated in multivariable analysis (OR 1.086, 95% CI 0.997-1.182, P = 0.058). By contrast, RC remained robustly associated with AED after adjustment for age, BMI, smoking, CVD, TG, and TT (OR 1.471, 95% CI 1.275-1.697, P