Clinical parameters and emerging biomarkers of partial remission in pediatric type 1 diabetes: a systematic review

Background: In type 1 diabetes (T1D), partial remission (PR) is a pivotal phase with preserved β-cell function, better glycemic stability, and reduced disease burden, and is as such a potential target for disease-modifying interventions. Identifying robust biomarkers of PR is critical for designing targeted therapies. This systematic review synthesizes current evidence from observational studies of biomarkers associated with PR in pediatric T1D. Methods: We searched the literature in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase (2009-2025), using strategies based on PICOS criteria. Investigated biomarkers covered multiple domains: anthropometric and clinical factors, continuous glucose monitoring metrics, HLA genotyping, immune cell and cytokine profiles, hormones, proteomics, and microRNAs. Eligible studies included observational cohorts of children and adolescents with newly diagnosed T1D. PR was defined as IDAA1c ≤9, HbA1c