Bioelectricity harvesting from microorganism: review of recent advancements in utilizing the bioelectric properties of fungi for powering small-scale robotic systems

The growing need for sustainable energy sources has led to the exploration of bioelectricity generation from microorganisms, with fungi showing considerable potential for powering small-scale robotic systems. Fungal bioelectricity stems from the ability of fungal mycelium to facilitate extracellular electron transfer, a process that can be exploited in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for clean energy production. This field is gaining traction as fungi, with their extensive mycelial networks, offer unique conductive properties. These networks, providing a large surface area and excellent conductivity, make fungi well-suited for incorporation into fungal-based microbial fuel cells (FMFCs). Successful FMFC design and optimization require attention to critical factors such as electrode material, microbial interactions, and environmental conditions to enhance performance. Moreover, the use of fungi in small-scale robotic systems, forming biohybrid robots, holds significant promise for autonomous operations in applications like environmental monitoring and bio-inspired robotics. While fungal bioelectricity presents exciting opportunities, challenges such as energy efficiency, scalability, and integration persist. Nevertheless, ongoing research continues to advance the development of self-sustaining, environmentally friendly robotic systems powered by fungal bioelectricity, providing new avenues in renewable energy and robotics.