Association of adverse pregnancy outcomes and intimate partner violence survivorship: a cross-sectional survey

Introduction Adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) are poorly understood among women who experienced intimate partner violence (IPV). This study examines the influence of lifetime IPV experiences and social determinants on APOs among Jordanian married women. Methods Cross-sectional data was examined from 4,419 women in the 2023–2024 Jordan Family and Population Health Survey. The outcome variables were APOs, LBW, and pregnancy loss (e.g., miscarriages, stillbirths). The exposure variable was lifetime IPV. Covariates were social determinants (age, education, wealth quintile, residency, regions), having children aged ≤ 5, delivering a singleton or twins/multiple births, using a skilled birth attendant (SBA), and being smokers. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed, and a series of binary logistic regression was fitted, controlling for the covariates. Results About 9.5% ( n = 377) of women reported miscarriages, 0.8% ( n = 45) induced abortions, 0.2% ( n = 14) reported stillbirths, and 89.5% reported live births. Among the live births ( n = 3,983), 23.7% had a baby born with LBW. Of the sample, 6.7% ( n = 289) reported experiencing IPV. Of them, 86.6% ( n = 245) reported delivering a live birth baby, 13.25% ( n = 43) reported miscarriage/abortion, 0.1% ( n = 1) reported stillbirths. Logistic regression results showed that women from the richest wealth quintile group [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.50] and those who used an SBA (aOR = 0.07) had lower odds of reporting APOs compared to their counterparts. Contrarily, the individuals living in the Northern region showed higher odds of APOs (aOR = 1.43) compared to those that live in the Central region. Among IPV victims, those in the rural areas had higher odds of APOs and LBW infants (aOR = 7.72, p = 0.001), those from the Southern region had lower odds of APO (aOR = 0.14, p = 0.030), those than the reference categories. All p -values are