The metabolic environment within solid tumors drives a complex crosstalk between macrophages and NK cells

The tumor microenvironment (TME) exerts significant metabolic limitations that influence the activity of invading immune cells. Among them, macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells are essential for coordinating anti-tumor immunity; however, the metabolic conditions of solid tumors have a significant impact on their functional states. Emerging evidence indicates that metabolic competition and nutrition availability regulate the dynamic interactions between these two innate immune populations, eventually influencing immune activation, suppression, and tumor growth. In this review, we discuss how key metabolic factors, including glucose depletion, lipid metabolism, hypoxia, and lactate accumulation, reshape NK cell activity and macrophage polarization in the TME. We emphasize how cytokine signaling and spatial organization within tumors influence NK-macrophage interactions, resulting in either synergistic anti-tumor responses or immunosuppressive networks. Finally, we explore novel therapeutic approaches designed to target metabolic pathways to restore NK cell function and reprogram macrophages toward pro-inflammatory phenotypes. Understanding the metabolic regulation of NK-macrophage interactions could provide new opportunities to improve immunotherapy efficacy in solid tumors.