CD25+CD27+CD70− alloantigen-specific Tregs: promising stable immunotherapy for transplantation

The clinical translation of alloantigen-specific regulatory T cells (AS-Tregs) is constrained by their low frequency in peripheral blood, limited purity, and functional instability following prolonged ex vivo expansion. To address these hurdles, we developed a strategy to isolate and expand a functional CD25 + CD27 + CD70 − AS-Treg population. Initially, Tregs were co-cultured with allogeneic dendritic cells in the presence of IL-15, IL-2, and retinoic acid. Proliferating CD25 + CD27 + CD70 − AS-Tregs were subsequently FACS-sorted and expanded via polyclonal anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation with IL-15, IL-2, rapamycin, and TGF-β. Over three weeks, this protocol yielded a 434-fold expansion, achieving >95% purity (CD25 + FOXP3 + ) while maintaining a substantial degree (>60%) of FOXP3 -TSDR demethylation, a hallmark of stable Treg lineage commitment. The expanded CD27 + AS-Tregs exhibited a robust immunoregulatory phenotype, characterized by high expression of Helios, CTLA-4, and CD39, as well as chemokine receptors associated with allograft and lymphoid tissue homing (CXCR3, CCR4, and CCR7). Functionally, CD27 + AS-Tregs suppressed T cell proliferation in an antigen-specific manner, even after exposure to inflammatory cytokines, and showed a concentration-dependent chemotactic response to CXCL10 in vitro . In addition, these cells maintained lineage fidelity by lacking the production of inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-17A. Accordingly, transcriptional profiling by RNA sequencing confirmed the enrichment of immunoregulatory signatures and revealed minimal changes in gene expression when expanded Tregs were exposed to inflammatory conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that CD27 + AS-Tregs represent promising candidates for more stable, long-term Treg therapy to support transplant tolerance.