Hemodynamics and matrix stiffness shape the pathogenicity of SPP1+ macrophages

Background Macrophages exhibit significant plasticity and are integral to tissue homeostasis and disease progression. Recent single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analyses identify secreted phosphoprotein 1-positive (SPP1 + ) macrophages as a highly conserved pathogenic subpopulation. This subset predominantly localizes to the necrotic cores and calcified regions of vascular lesions, contributing to dysregulation of lipid metabolism and pathological extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. While traditional pathology emphasizes biochemical signaling, the local physical microenvironment, including abnormal hemodynamics and increased matrix stiffness, serves as a critical mechanical stimulus that directly mediates the transcriptional reprogramming of macrophages toward a pathogenic phenotype. Objective This review systematically synthesizes recent advancements concerning the role of the local mechanical microenvironment in modulating the phenotypic transition of SPP1 + macrophages. It aims to elucidate the physical mechanisms underlying immune cell activation in vascular pathologies. Highlights Macrophages capture external physical stimuli through a sensing network comprising integrins, Piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 (PIEZO1), and primary cilia. Abnormal mechanical forces induce increased intracellular cytoskeletal tension, which drives the nuclear translocation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). The activation of these mechanosensitive transcription factors directly upregulates the expression of SPP1 . Extracellularly secreted SPP1 subsequently mediates pathological ECM cross-linking and microcalcification, further exacerbating local matrix stiffening. Based on current literature, we propose that this cascade potentially establishes a detrimental positive mechanical feedback loop, sustaining the continuous pathogenic activation of macrophages and accelerating vascular disease progression. Conclusion The physical microenvironment represents a critical determinant of macrophage plasticity. Developing targeted interventions directed at these mechanotransduction pathways provides a viable therapeutic strategy for the management of macrophage-mediated arterial diseases and tissue fibrosis.