Gut microbiota in anemia: mechanistic insights into iron metabolism, vitamin synthesis, and immune regulation

The gut microbiota, as a vital micro-ecological system within the human body, plays a crucial role in regulating diverse physiological functions. Recent research has increasingly demonstrated its close association with the occurrence and progression of anemia. This review summarizes current understanding of how the gut microbiota influences iron metabolism, vitamin synthesis-particularly vitamin B12-and immune modulation, all of which are key factors in the pathogenesis of anemia. We explore the mechanisms by which dysbiosis of the gut microbiota contributes to anemia development, including disruptions in nutrient absorption and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, we analyze recent clinical studies that investigate the relationship between gut microbiota alterations and different anemia subtypes. By integrating the latest basic and clinical research findings, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the gut microbiota's role in anemia and to highlight its potential as a novel therapeutic target. The insights offered here may guide future research and clinical interventions focused on microbiota modulation as an innovative strategy for anemia management.