From framework to fitness for the 21st century: How Brazil’s 2025 National Curricular Guidelines recast priorities for training physicians

After nearly a decade since the promulgation of Brazil's National Curricular Guidelines (DCNs) for Medicine, the Ministry of Education of Brazil approved a revised regulatory framework for medical training. The new DCNs preserve central structures from 2014 while explicitly aligning training to digital transformation, programmatic assessment, simulation-based safety, and student wellbeing. This study conducts a comparative documentary analysis of the 2014 and 2025 DCNs, analyzes what changed and why it matters, and map these shifts onto prevailing trends in the Global South and North. We propose a practical roadmap for schools in Brazil to adapt quickly and credibly. Our analysis may be relevant to other systems seeking to reconcile social accountability with rapidly evolving clinical, technological, and educational demands.