The ICS triad in critical illness: a time-dependent pathological driver of mortality and organ dysfunction
Abstract
Background Advances in intensive care have increased acute-phase survival, leading to a growing population of patients with prolonged ICU stays, a condition termed chronic critical illness (CCI). A key pathophysiological candidate is the triad of persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism (ICS), yet its relationship to CCI and its independent prognostic impact remain poorly defined. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of developing the ICS on hospitalization outcomes in critically ill patients. Materials and methods We conducted a real-world data analysis of adult ICU patients using electronic health records from RICD (December 2017–July 2023). ICS was defined by concurrent C-reactive protein >20 mg/L, albumin
Fields of Study & Subjects
Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
Immune Response and Inflammation
Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Frontiers in Medicine
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 1833525–1833525
- Publication date
- 14 July 2026
- Language
- EN