Single-cell Raman insights into microbial strategies for sustainable phosphorus mining and recycling

Phosphorus (P) management faces a dual crisis of resource depletion and eutrophication, underscoring the need for a sustainable P cycling model. This review systematically elaborates on the microorganism-driven “Mobilization, Retention and Buffering” (MRB) strategy to enable sustainable P cycling. In this framework, phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) mobilize P, while polyphosphate (poly-P)-accumulating organisms (PAOs) ensure efficient P retention and buffering via poly-P storage. We highlight the unique strengths of single-cell Raman spectroscopy (SCRS), including culture-independent and non-destructive analysis at single-cell resolution, and discuss how it supports in situ identification, mechanistic characterization, and mining of functional P-cycling bacteria. Finally, we outline SCRS-enabled opportunities to advance the MRB strategy for efficient P recovery, recycling, and utilization.