Probiotics use environmentally friendly calcium lignosulfonate as an energy source to MICP-acting on concrete and soil remediation

Purpose This study aimed to develop an environmentally friendly microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) system using Bacillus subtilis 168 and calcium lignosulfonate as an alternative carbon and energy source, to reduce ammonia emissions. Method We conducted computer simulations and experimental studies, including strain identification and concentration optimization of calcium lignosulfonate and other compounds. Using various detection techniques (SEM, XRD, FTIR, etc.), we evaluated the effectiveness of MICP in concrete and different soil types in China. Results The addition of 10 g/L calcium lignosulfonate significantly enhanced calcite formation and improved the cementation ability in Yunnan red soil and Henan yellow soil. The metabolic pathways of Bacillus subtilis enzymes (e.g., BsDyP, Ssu) were implicated in lignosulfonate metabolism. Conclusion These results demonstrate that calcium lignosulfonate promotes mineralization and can serve as a sustainable carbon and energy source alternative to conventional urea in MICP systems. This approach offers a promising route for concrete reinforcement and soil stabilization by reducing environmental pollution while enhancing calcite formation.