Effect of end-effector robot training on lower limb motor function and balance in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: Evaluate the effect of end-effector robot training on lower limb motor function and balance in stroke patients. Methods: Systematically reviewed the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to December 2025. Included studies compared end-effector robot training with conventional therapy for lower limb function and balance in stroke patients. Used PEDro scale and RevMan 5.4 software for meta-analysis. Results: Sixteen RCTs with 789 patients showed significant improvements in lower limb motor function (FAC score, FMA-L score, 10MWT speed) and balance function (BBS score) with end-effector robot training. No significant difference in 6MWT distance between groups. Conclusion: End-effector robot training may enhance lower limb motor function and balance in stroke patients, but its effect on 6MWT distance is uncertain. Further research needed on training effectiveness and long-term mechanisms. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251009019, CRD420251009019.