Indocyanine green-assisted lymphography for intraoperative chyle leak prevention during esophageal cancer surgery: a systematic review of the literature

Background and aim: Chyle leakage (CL) is a potentially life-threatening complication, severely impacting postoperative recovery after esophageal cancer resections. Indocyanine green-assisted lymphography (ICG-Lg) seems to provide a fluorescent visualization of the thoracic duct (TD), although the optimal approach for CL prevention has not been defined. Methods: This study was designed as a systematic review and included either randomized or observational reports regarding ICG-Lg during esophageal cancer resections. The literature search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases, and original articles combining ICG-Lg during esophageal cancer resections were selected. The rate of TD visualization was primarily investigated, while secondary outcomes included procedural complications, CL incidence, length of stay, and lymph node harvest (LNH). The review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42025638309) and was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Results: Thirteen non-randomized articles were selected, including 1218 patients undergoing surgery for esophageal cancer. MINORS study quality assessment showed moderate scores (74.5%). The TD was correctly visualized in 95.4% and generally preserved (68.1%) for CL prevention. Procedural complications were negligible (0.1%), and CL occurrence was significantly lower after ICG-Lg (1.4 vs 5.4%, P