Magnetic resonance imaging differentiating benign from malignant bone and soft tissue tumors and assessing Ki-67 expression using APT and DWI tools

Background Conventional MRI mainly provides the morphologic information of tumors with low specificity, but its ability to distinguish between benign and malignant bone lesions is limited. Amide proton transfer (APT) is a novel MRI tool for detecting amide protons in free proteins and peptides. A few studies have reported on APT in tumors; however, studies on qualitative diagnosis of bone and soft tissue tumors are lacking. Purpose This study aimed to investigate the use of APT and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in distinguishing benign from malignant bone and soft tissue tumors. We evaluated the efficiency of APT and DWI sequences in diagnosing bone and soft tissue tumors. In pathology, the Ki-67 index expression reflects the tumor aggressiveness. Malignant tumors are often characterized by increased cell proliferation and increased Ki-67 expression. We assessed the correlation among APT, DWI, and Ki-67 expression. Methods and materials The study enrolled 49 patients from June 2023 to January 2024. There were 20 patients in benign tumors, and 29 patients in malignant tumors. The site of the tumors were in the upper and lower extremities. The patients underwent MR scanning, and the diagnosis of bone or soft tissue tumors was confirmed by pathology. The APT, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and exponential apparent diffusion coefficient (EADC) values were measured in the tumor areas. We used APT and DWI to distinguish benign from malignant bone and soft tissue tumors, and analyzed the correlation among APT, ADC, EADC, and Ki-67 expression. We compared the statistical differences in APT, ADC, and EADC values between benign and malignant tumors. The diagnostic efficiencies of APT, ADC, and EADC values and Ki-67 expression were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Meanwhile, Delong tests were conducted to evaluate the difference in the area under the ROC curve (AUC) among various parameters. The region of interest was outlined manually by 2 senior physicians. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to obtain the interobserver reprehensibility for measuring the APT value. Results The ICC was 0.848 in the interobserver agreement, and 95% confidence interval (CI) was 0.607-0.946. The APT value was 2.26% ± 1.07% in benign tumors, and 4.62% ± 1.43% in malignant tumors. The ADC value was 1.33% ± 0.4 ×10 –3 mm 2 /s in benign tumors, and 1.01% ± 0.55 ×10 –3 mm 2 /s in malignant tumors. The EADC value was 0.29 ± 0.13 in benign tumors, and 0.40 ± 0.17 in malignant tumors. Statistical differences were observed between benign and malignant tumors in APT ( P