Adenosine A2A receptors regulate D2-type medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens to mediate pain and depression comorbidity

Persistent pathological pain often induces comorbid depressive-like symptoms, yet the underlying neuronal and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS) has been implicated in mediating pain sensation and emotional disorders, including depression. However, how it regulates pain-depression comorbidity (PDC) is not well-known. In the present study, we demonstrated that D 2 -type medium spiny neurons (D 2 -MSNs) in the NAcS bidirectionally modulated pain and its comorbid behavioral despair measured in the forced swimming test (FST), an effect possibly involving adenosine A 2A receptors (A 2A Rs). Specifically, acute chemogenetic activation of NAcS D 2 -MSNs induced thermal/mechanical pain in naïve mice but did not affect despair-like behavior in the FST, a phenomenon that occurred after repeated activation of these neurons. Conversely, chemogenetic inhibition of NAcS D 2 -MSNs alleviated spared nerve injury (SNI) induced neuropathic pain and its comorbid behavioral despair. Our immunofluorescent staining revealed a relatively enriched expression of A 2A Rs in NAcS D 2 -MSNs. Ex vivo electrophysiological recordings revealed that activating and inhibiting A 2A Rs increased and decreased the neuronal excitability of NAcS D 2 -MSNs. Consistently, local infusion of the agonist and antagonist of A 2A Rs into the NAcS bidirectionally modulated pain and despair-like behaviors in both naïve and SNI mice. Together, these findings demonstrate the functional role of NAcS D 2 -MSNs in mediating PDC, which was possibly modulated by local A 2A Rs, thus providing a potential therapeutic target for PDC.