Extracellular vesicles delivering TIMP-2 modulate MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells

Background/Objectives: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying therapeutic cargos represent a promising strategy for cancer treatment by enabling the targeted delivery of genetic material directly to cancer cells. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of EVs loaded with the TIMP-2 gene on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs 1, 2, and 9) in lung cancer cells (A549). Methods: EVs derived from A549 cells were isolated by gradient centrifugation and ultracentrifugation. The coding sequence for TIMP-2 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2) was amplified by PCR using cDNA derived from HUVEC cells. As-constructed plasmid (pTIMP-2) was introduced into the EVs by electroporation, and then the pTIMP-2-implanted EVs were subjected to PCR and NTA analysis. Additionally, the activity of MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 was determined by voltammetry in intact A549 cells and in A549 culture media. Results: Electroporation was found to demonstrate a good potential as an exogenous technique for uploading plasmid DNA into EVs. The results demonstrated that the as-uploaded EVs carrying the pTIMP-2 gene cargo do not broadly alter the overall balance of MMP-1 in pristine A549 cells. However, pTIMP-2-loaded EVs significantly modulate MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in these cells, highlighting their potential as biological therapeutic moieties. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a rational approach for exploring EV-based gene transfer targeting MMPs in lung cancer.