Effect of the genetic and environment interaction on yield, Fe and Zn content among locally cultivated common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm

Introduction Common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a key source of dietary protein and micronutrients, in low- and middle-income countries. Improving both yield and micronutrient density requires a clear understanding of genotype (G), environment (E), and genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) effects to support nutrition-sensitive breeding strategies. Methods This study assessed the effects of G, E, and GEI on grain yield and micronutrient concentration using the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model. A total of 83 bush and 84 climbing common bean genotypes were evaluated across three locations and two cropping seasons (2024A–2024B) in Burundi. AMMI and GGE biplot analyses were applied to examine genotype performance, stability, and adaptation across environments. Broad-sense heritability was estimated for yield and micronutrient traits, and a multi-trait selection index (MTSI) was used to identify superior genotypes combining agronomic and nutritional attributes. Results Combined AMMI-analysis revealed highly significant (p