The interaction of gibberellin and melatonin promotes tobacco leaf growth and balances chemical components content in upper leaves

Introduction: L.) upper leaves constitute approximately one-third of total leaf production, yet their smaller leaf area, compact structure, and imbalanced chemical composition limit suitability for cigarette manufacturing. This study investigated whether gibberellin (GA) and melatonin (MT) could promote upper leaf growth and balance chemical components. Methods: A two-factor randomized block design experiment was conducted to evaluate GA and MT effects on tobacco upper leaves. Morphological parameters, biomass accumulation, and chemical composition were measured. Structural equation modeling and TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) analysis were employed to determine regulatory pathways and optimal hormone combinations. Results: Gibberellin significantly promoted upper leaf morphological development. The 75 mg/L GA treatment increased leaf width and leaf area by 12.96% and 17.69%, respectively, and significantly enhanced both fresh and dry weight (P