Exogenous GABA regulates the growth traits, photosynthesis, antioxidant properties, and nitrogen metabolism in Isatis indigotica Fortune seedlings

To investigate the effects of exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) application on the growth, development, and related parameters associated with different physiological and biochemical processes of Isatis indigotica Fortune ( I. indigotica ) seedlings, a pot experiment was conducted. Seedlings were collected from two provenance areas (Gansu and Hebei) and treated at the six-leaf stage with four GABA concentrations: 0 (CK), 2.5 (T1), 5 (T2), and 7.5 (T3) mM·L -1 . Compared with CK, T1 and T2 treatments improved plant height, total fresh mass, and total dry mass at all sampling stages, with increments of 0.99%-7.86%, 2.99%-12.79%, and 1.27%-6.90%, respectively. These promotional effects were attributed to increased photosynthetic capacity, pigment contents, and activities of nitrogen metabolism enzymes. Meanwhile, root morphology was also promoted by T1 and T2 treatments. In contrast, inhibitory effects of T3 treatment on plant height, total biomass accumulation, and root morphology were also observed. Furthermore, exogenous treatments T1 and T2 markedly elevated the antioxidant capacity of I. indigotica seedlings, as evidenced by the increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), along with the enhanced soluble protein content in both leaves and roots. Meanwhile, these two treatments significantly reduced the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in the aboveground and underground tissues of the seedlings. Structural equation modeling (SEM) further revealed that the total antioxidant capacity exerted positive regulatory effects on plant height, total biomass accumulation, and root morphological traits through both direct and indirect pathways. Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that T2 treatment induced the most prominent variation in seedling growth and physiological traits. Specifically, glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activity showed the strongest correlation with the first principal component (PC1), while POD activity was most closely associated with the second principal component (PC2). Collectively, these findings suggest that 5 mM·L -1 is the optimal concentration of exogenous GABA for the cultivation of I. indigotica seedlings.