Wheat growth model capturing growth-defense trade-off

Improving crop productivity in agroecological systems subject to multiple abiotic and biotic stresses requires a comprehensive integration of physiological mechanisms into plant growth models. In this article, we analyze the structure, components and limitations of current process-based models (PBMs) and Functional-Structural Plant Models (FSPMs) used to simulate wheat ( Triticum spp.) growth. Although these models are well adapted to represent light interception, carbon assimilation and biomass allocation, they remain mostly oriented toward yield or growth prediction and usually neglect biotic and abiotic stress factors, which are crucial under agricultural conditions. In this article, we review the main physiological concepts of growth, including photosynthesis, nitrogen uptake, source-sink relationships and respiration costs, with an emphasis on resource allocation trade-offs. These trade-offs, particularly between growth and defense, are rarely explicitly integrated into current modeling frameworks, despite their decisive role on yield and growth under stresses. To fill these gaps, we propose a conceptual model that explicitly integrates physiological trade-offs between growth and defense, as well as hormonal signaling networks. By adopting a more explanatory and integrative approach, this work aims to improve the ability of models to facilitate the transition towards a stronger integration of agroecological principles.