Influential factors of school bullying among junior high school students: an analysis based on hierarchical linear models

Introduction: Exploring the factors and internal mechanisms influencing school bullying among junior high school students is crucial for preventing and controlling its occurrence. Such research provides a reference for supporting students' physical and mental health development and promoting the high-quality advancement of education. Methods: This study based on data from the China Education Panel Survey (2014-2015), this study employed hierarchical linear modeling to examine the individual- and school-level factors associated with bullying in junior high schools. The analysis focused on identifying predictors at both levels and investigating their interactive mechanisms. Results: At the individual level, gender, academic achievement, health status, disciplinary behaviors, and parental discipline were significant predictors of school bullying. At the school level, school type significantly predicted bullying prevalence. Furthermore, moderation analysis indicated that school type moderated the relationship between parental discipline and bullying. Specifically, the negative association between parental discipline and bullying was stronger in private schools compared to public schools. Discussion: This study reveals both the direct effects and the interactive mechanisms of factors influencing school bullying among junior high school students. The findings offer valuable insights for developing practical and effective prevention and intervention strategies, particularly by considering the moderating role of school type.