Body, boundary, power: the impact of gender identity on professional relationships and working conditions in coaching

Background: The coaching profession plays a critical role in athlete development and building an egalitarian culture in sports. However, professional practice is often shaped by gender-based stereotypes, prejudices, and structural limitations. This study aims to examine the multilayered and systemic nature of gender inequality in the coaching profession. Methods: ) were investigated through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Participants were selected using criterion sampling to ensure gender balance across male-dominated, female-dominated, and neutral sports branches. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The analysis identified three main themes constraining coaches' professional lives: Invisible Labor, Glass Ceiling & Glass Cliff, and Sexual Objectification. Findings revealed that female coaches struggle with a "Glass Ceiling" where their competencies are questioned, career paths are restricted, and they bear emotional burdens imposed by gender norms. Conversely, male coaches are compelled to establish excessive distance and formality, particularly with female members, to avoid being perceived as potential objects of sexual threat. This creates a "Communication Barrier" that limits their professional effectiveness and market volume. Conclusions: Gender inequality in coaching possesses a dual structure, encompassing not only the disadvantaged position of women but also structural challenges for male coaches exposed to restrictive hegemonic masculinity norms. To achieve genuine and inclusive equality in sports, policies must be broadened to address the specific constraints faced by both genders.