Enhancement of modern defense capabilities by convergence of cognitive neuroscience and artificial intelligence

In the context of evolving geopolitical instability, hybrid threats, and the increasing relevance of the cognitive domain in modern conflict, there is a growing need to better understand the role of human cognition in defense and security affairs. Advances in cognitive neuroscience provide insights into the neural and psychological mechanisms underlying decision-making, stress resilience, attention, and metacognition, while artificial intelligence (AI) offers new capabilities for data integration, predictive modeling, and decision support. This article proposes a multi-level conceptual framework for integrating cognitive neuroscience and AI as a hierarchical cognitive support system that enhances, rather than replaces, human decision-making under conditions of uncertainty, time pressure, and cognitive load. The integration of soft neurocognitive science and AI capabilities with kinetic hard power may strengthen deterrence, resilience, and long-term defense sustainability. The proposed interdisciplinary framework can facilitate the development of more adaptive, resilient, and human-centered approaches to defense and security in complex and volatile environments.