Assessing the prevalence, characteristics and psychosocial correlates of nonsuicidal self-injury among Vietnamese adolescent psychiatric outpatients: a cross-sectional study

Background: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a global public health concern due to its significant negative impact on adolescents' mental health and well-being. However, data on NSSI among Vietnamese youth remain limited. This study examined the prevalence, characteristics, and correlates of NSSI among Vietnamese adolescents seeking mental health support. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on adolescents aged 10-19 years attending outpatient departments at three psychiatric centers in Hanoi from May to November 2024. Participants were interviewed face-to-face by senior psychiatrists, and NSSI diagnosis was assessed using DSM-5-TR criteria (NSSI DSM-5). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression identified associated factors. Results: The 12-month prevalence of participants who met criteria for NSSI DSM-5 was 17.9%. Females reported a higher prevalence of NSSI DSM-5 and a greater urge to self-injure than males. In crude analyses, females also reported a greater diversity of NSSI methods and more body areas affected; however, these differences were not significant after adjustment. Scratching, cutting, and biting were the most common methods; cutting was more prevalent among females. NSSI motives were often combined, with the main purposes being relief from negative emotions or cognitive states and the induction of positive feelings, rather than coping with interpersonal difficulties. Shared factors associated with NSSI in both genders included a family history of self-harm, emotional abuse, and higher McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder scores. Conclusion: These findings raise awareness of NSSI among Vietnamese psychiatrists and provide important data for a low- and middle-income country with unique cultural characteristics. Further research and culturally sensitive interventions are needed.