The effects of microplastics exposure on the growth and development of children

Microplastics (MPs), as emerging environmental pollutants, found from the deepest oceans to the highest mountains, and crucially, within the human body, have attracted increasing attention due to their widespread presence and potential health impacts. This review addresses the multifaceted influence of MP exposure on endocrine regulation, gut microecology, the potential transgenerational effects, and child growth and development. Firstly, the sources and environmental distribution characteristics of MPs were outlined, their persistence and bioaccumulation potential were highlighted. How MPs act as carriers of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, interfering with hormonal systems and potentially disrupting children's physiological development was elucidated subsequently. Special emphasis is placed on the mechanisms by which MPs alter gut microbial communities, leading to dysbiosis that may compromise immune function and metabolic processes in children. By synthesizing recent advances in toxicology, microbiology, and pediatric research, present review amalgamates insights from contemporary studies, elaborates the comprehensive health risks posed by MP exposure during critical developmental periods, underscoring the urgent need for targeted preventive and regulatory measures to mitigate MP-related health hazards and promote child health. We aim to provide a scientific foundation for future research directions of MPs exposure and the development of effective intervention strategies.