Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and adolescent health: a narrative review

Background: Participation in exercise during teenage years is vital for shaping physical health and mental wellbeing, which in turn impacts health outcomes later in life. This review seeks to compile and assess the current research regarding the links between physical activity, inactivity, and the health of adolescents, emphasizing both mental and physical effects. Methods: A focused exploration of various databases, including EBSCOhost, ISI Web of Science, MEDLINE, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus, was performed for research articles released between November 2014 and January 2026. A deliberate choice of significant observational, interventional, and mechanistic studies was made to create a thorough summary. The integration utilized a narrative method to examine the subtleties of intensity, category, context, and the fundamental physiological and psychosocial mechanisms. Results: Findings suggest that engaging in moderate to vigorous physical activity greatly enhances both the physical and mental wellbeing of adolescents, with high-intensity workouts being particularly effective for alleviating stress. Extended periods of sitting and excessive use of screens independently heighten the likelihood of obesity, mental health issues, and musculoskeletal discomfort. These associations are notably influenced by factors such as gender, cultural context, and socioeconomic status. Conclusion: This analysis highlights the intricate nature, progress, and persistent obstacles in this field. To promote the best health outcomes for young people, it is essential to adopt a comprehensive and context-aware strategy based on solid evidence, which enhances the links between research, real-world practices, and policy formulation. By improving research methods, investigating fundamental processes, and developing customized approaches, we can more effectively enhance the wellbeing of adolescents and tackle increasing issues associated with chronic diseases and mental health.