The collaborations among healthcare systems, research institutions, and industry on artificial intelligence research and development

Objectives: The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare promises to revolutionize patient care, diagnostics, and treatment protocols. Collaborative efforts among healthcare systems, research institutions, and industry are pivotal to leveraging AI's full potential. Understanding these dynamics is essential for addressing current challenges and shaping future AI development in healthcare. This study aims to characterize collaborative networks and stakeholders in AI healthcare initiatives, identify challenges and opportunities within these collaborations, and elucidate priorities for future AI research and development. Methods: This study analyzed publicly available survey data previously collected by the Chinese Society of Radiology and the Chinese Medical Imaging AI Innovation Alliance. We performed secondary analysis of the national cross-sectional survey that was conducted in China with a total of 5,262 participants (5,142 clinicians and 120 research institution professionals), involving participants from three key groups: clinicians, institution professionals, and industry representatives. The survey explored diverse aspects including current AI usage in healthcare, collaboration dynamics, challenges encountered, and research and development priorities. Results: Findings reveal high interest in AI among clinicians, with a significant gap between interest and actual engagement in development activities. Key findings include limited establishment of AI research departments and scarce interdisciplinary collaborations. Despite the willingness to share data, progress is hindered by concerns about data privacy and security, and lack of clear industry standards and legal guidelines. Future development interests focus on lesion screening, disease diagnosis, and enhancing clinical workflows. Conclusion: This study highlights an enthusiastic yet cautious approach toward AI in healthcare, characterized by significant barriers that impede effective collaboration and implementation. Recommendations emphasize the need for AI-specific education and training, secure data-sharing frameworks, establishment of clear industry standards, and formation of dedicated AI research departments.