Car dependence in England and Wales: spatial inequalities and implications for a just transition

This paper explores the nuances of car dependence in England and Wales by identifying four distinct archetypes that span structural and conscious forms. Employing the 2011 England and Wales Census, archetype prevalence is mapped across the study area at the LSOA level, and a demographic analysis is performed. We find that while dependence exists across the study area, structural dependence is found more in rural areas, particularly the east coast of England and Wales, while conscious dependence is more prevalent in and around urban centers. The demographic makeup of each archetype differs significantly, with disability, socio-economic class, and ethnicity arising as notable significant indicators. This work highlights that an equitable transition to a sustainable transport system requires geographically and demographically specific policies tailored to the unique needs of each archetype. This transition away from car dependence, especially internal combustion engine vehicles, is imperative for a just and climate-resilient transport system.