Bidirectional effects of physical activity and sleep on health: evidence and future directions

Aim: Sleep and physical activity are two important lifestyle factors that significantly influence overall health and wellbeing. This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed understanding of the interplay between sleep and physical activity habits. Methods: A narrative review was conducted through a comprehensive assessment of primary and secondary sources, incorporating scientific publications from databases such as MedLine, Cochrane, Embase, PsychINFO, and Cinahl. The inclusion criteria focused on studies published between 2000 and 2025, addressing topics such as physical activity, sleep quality, sleep disorders, energy balance, and related health outcomes. Exclusion criteria included gray literature, unpublished studies, books, conference proceedings, and dissertations. Results: The results highlight the complex bidirectional relationship between sleep and physical activity. Regular physical activity improves sleep quality and duration, while adequate sleep enhances physical activity performance and recovery. Sleep disorders negatively affect physical activity engagement, but interventions involving exercise demonstrate significant potential in mitigating these effects. Conclusions: In conclusion, understanding the multifaceted interactions among sleep, physical activity, and nutrition is crucial for promoting overall health and wellbeing. Future research should leverage advancements in wearable technology, personalized interventions, and precision medicine approaches to optimize these interrelated behaviors and their health impacts.