Assessment of conservation priorities for agricultural heritage systems in Beijing: a pressure-state-response and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation framework

Agricultural heritage is a complex system created by humans during long-term synergistic development with nature. Urbanization and industrialization have resulted in numerous challenges, including the disappearance of local varieties and the degradation of agricultural landscapes. Beijing's 48 municipally recognized agricultural heritage systems (2023 inventory) were selected as the study population, and a 24-indicator protection priority index system was constructed based on the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) method classified priority levels into red, orange, yellow, and blue groups from high to low. The results indicate a significant variation in risk levels across Beijing's 48 agricultural heritage systems, with two classified as red alerts, and eleven as orange alerts, indicating immediate need for attention. Targeted recommendations for each alert level are presented, encompassing enhanced governmental support and real-time monitoring systems. The findings are crucial for refining conservation practices for Beijing's agricultural heritage and serve as valuable references for structured conservation interventions in other regions. This study provides a decision-support framework for prioritizing agricultural heritage conservation, contributing to sustainable rural development under urban pressure.