Efficacy of a probiotic fermented herb in the prevention and treatment of fish nocardiosis

Nocardia seriolae poses a severe threat to the sustainable development in the aquaculture of a virous freshwater as well as marine fish species. In the present study, the herb No.100 (it has not been made public due to patent protection) and B. amyloliquefaciens MS-2 with obvious inhibitory effects against N. seriolae strain NS-23 were screened from 190 herbal extracts and 5 probiotic strains for developing probiotic fermented herb (PFH) against nocardiosis in largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ). An ideal fermentation parameter was established by single-factor optimization as: 4% (w/v) herbal substrate with 4% (v/v) probiotic inoculum at pH 7.5 for 18 h for achieving maximum viable cell count. A 49-day feeding trial with supplements was conducted that the fish with PFH administration were significantly enhanced weight gain rates at 310.51 ± 37.44%, with increasing serum enzyme activities and nitric oxide (NO) levels, up-regulated tissue-specific expression of immune-related genes ( TNF-α , IL-8 , IL-10 , IgM , IFN-γ , IL-1β ) as well as mounting up gut microbial diversity (especially Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes species) than that of PBS control, herb or probiotic administration. Furthermore, the challenge study with N. seriolae strain NS-23 was conferred a 77% relative percentage survival (RPS) in the fish with PFH-supplemented diet, and the histopathological analysis confirmed that PFH effectively mitigated multi-organ necrosis and oxidative stress, leading to a complete regression of granulomas in the fish upon artificial challenge. Taken together, this PFH could be served as a safe and effective administrator against fish nocardiosis, offering a sustainable alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture.