A Novel Rotating–Throwing Seed-Metering System Enabling Zero-Velocity and Damage-Free High-Speed Seeding

Conventional pneumatic precision planters still face challenges in combining high-speed operation with accurate seed placement and embryo protection under zero-velocity seeding conditions. This study presents a dual-motor rotating–throwing seed-metering device that simultaneously overcomes these challenges. Instead of relying on conventional imprecise airflow to generate initial velocity, seeds are accelerated and released by a motor-driven spoon with precisely defined kinematic profiles. By accurately controlling seed-throwing velocity and angle, the system compensates for the forward motion of the machine to achieve zero-velocity seeding and accurate landing point control across the full speed range. The elimination of seed tubes prevents frictional embryo damage, particularly benefiting fragile seeds such as cotton or peanuts. High-speed imaging (1000 fps) verified uniform initial seed ejection conditions, stable trajectories, and landing position errors below 1.5 cm at 7–13 km/h. The proposed electromechanical approach provides accurate metering, zero-velocity seeding, and seed protection under high-speed conditions, overcoming the inherent limitations of airflow-dependent systems and offering a robust alternative for precision agriculture. Compared with conventional pneumatic meters, the proposed system reduced seed landing variation by over 50%, demonstrating superior robustness under 7–13 km/h operation.