Development and Transformation of Veterinary Experimental In Vitro Models: From 2D Culture to 3D Organoids

In vitro models for animal experiments serve as a crucial bridge connecting basic research and clinical translation, and their developmental history profoundly reflects the paradigm shifts in life science research. This article's narrative reviews the evolutionary path from traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture to advanced three-dimensional (3D) organoid technology, focusing on how organoid technology overcomes the limitations of traditional models in terms of physiological relevance, species specificity, and ethical constraints. The review article elaborates on the current state of organoid research in veterinary science, including the construction of models for organs such as the intestine, liver, and reproductive system in livestock and companion animals. Addressing existing technical bottlenecks-such as insufficient model complexity, lack of standardization, and difficulties in simulating vascularization and the immune microenvironment-future development directions are proposed, including multi-organ chips, AI-assisted analysis, and the integration of gene editing. Research indicates that with the deep integration of cutting-edge technologies such as biomaterials, microfluidics, 3D printing, and AI, organoid technology is progressively becoming a core driver for advancing veterinary precision medicine, holding broad application prospects.