Image-Based Analysis of Morphometric Differences Between Sea-Caught and Farmed Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

Morphological differences between sea-caught and farmed fish reflect environmental conditions and long-term domestication. However, standardized and objective quantification of these differences remains limited for many commercially important species. The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) represents a typical marine fish with clear contrasts between natural and aquaculture production systems. In this study, an image-based phenotyping workflow was developed to quantify external morphological traits of sea-caught and farmed L. crocea. Visible-light images were acquired under standardized conditions. A YOLOv11-based instance segmentation model was applied to automatically delineate major anatomical regions, including the body, head, eyes, pectoral fins, and tail. Surface areas and proportional indices were calculated following geometric calibration to ensure measurement consistency. The segmentation model achieved high accuracy on the test dataset (mAP@50 > 98%). Morphometric analyses revealed clear differences between the two groups. Farmed individuals exhibited larger body-related surface areas, whereas the relative proportions of pectoral fins and tail regions were reduced. Sea-caught fish showed higher proportional investment in locomotor structures, consistent with the physical demands of natural marine environments. These results indicate a shift in morphological allocation associated with aquaculture, characterized by enhanced trunk growth and reduced relative development of propulsion-related structures. The proposed workflow provides a rapid, non-invasive, and reproducible approach for fish morphometric analysis. It offers practical potential for phenotypic monitoring and stock assessment, while contributing quantitative evidence for domestication-driven morphological divergence in marine fishes.