Positive Effects of Allicin on Cytotoxicity, Antioxidative Status, and Immunity in “Eriocheir sinensis” Hepatopancreatic Cells Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Injury

Oxidative stress represents a critical threat to aquatic animal health and aquaculture productivity. Allicin, a natural plant extract, has not been systematically investigated for its antioxidant mechanisms in aquatic crustaceans. This study established in vitro and in vivo models of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (T-BHP)-induced oxidative stress in Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of allicin. Integrating biochemical, transcriptomic, and ultrastructural analyses, we found that allicin significantly alleviated T-BHP-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative damage in vitro. Mechanistically, allicin up-regulated antioxidant genes including glutathione peroxidase (gpx) and thioredoxin reductase 1 (trxr1), and down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (il-1β), suggesting the concomitant activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway and inhibition of the p38-MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Transcriptomics further indicated its role in restoring proteostasis and mitochondrial function. A 35-day feeding trial validated these findings in vivo; dietary supplementation with 300 mg·kg−1 allicin effectively reversed T-BHP-induced disturbances in antioxidant enzyme activities and immune-related gene expression. These consistent findings demonstrate that allicin alleviates hepatopancreatic oxidative damage through multi-pathway synergism, supporting its potential as a green and effective antioxidant feed additive in aquaculture.