From Dysbiosis to Inflammation: Gut Microbiota and Oxidative Stress in Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis with a complex etiopathogenesis that, despite extensive research, remains incompletely understood. The disorder affects a substantial proportion of the global population and is associated with a significant clinical burden. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward the gut microbiota as a potential modulator of the course of inflammatory diseases, including AD. The aim of this review is to critically examine current evidence regarding the association between gut dysbiosis and the exacerbation of inflammatory processes observed in AD. Available studies suggest that alterations in gut microbiota composition may lead to dysregulation of the gut-skin axis, increased intestinal barrier permeability, and activation of pro-inflammatory mechanisms, thereby contributing to the amplification of AD symptoms. Overall, the analyzed findings suggest that the gut microbiota represents a significant yet underexplored component of AD pathogenesis, and that its modulation may define a novel direction for future therapeutic strategies. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying the gut-skin axis may not only inform the development of preventive approaches targeting gut microbiota regulation but also support a broader view of AD as a systemic disorder in which redox imbalance is critically involved.