Circular Economy in the South African Mining Industry: A Sustainable Framework for Waste Prevention, Tailings Valorization, and Ecosystem Regeneration

The transition of South Africa’s mining sector from a linear take–make–waste model to a circular economy is critical for environmental sustainability and resource security. While the existing literature heavily favors generic, theoretical solutions, this review paper bridges the gap by mapping validated circular technologies directly onto named local operations and specific regional waste profiles. By pairing engineering innovations such as automated sorting and geopolymer synthesis with site-level mineralogical realities and techno-economic limits, this work provides a realistic blueprint for sustainable resource management and holistic landscape restoration. However, widespread implementation is currently constrained by a lack of commercial-scale data, low data transparency regarding corporate waste inventories, static economic modeling, and ambiguous regulatory definitions that separate waste from by-products. To overcome these limitations, a phased, internationally benchmarked policy roadmap aligned with South Africa’s critical minerals strategies is proposed. Future research should focus on industrial field trials, blockchain-secured geospatial waste databases, dynamic life-cycle assessments, and cross-sector synergy mapping. Ultimately, aligning technological innovations with updated waste classification standards, specialized tax incentives, and carbon-credit structures will allow South Africa to mitigate its legacy environmental liabilities while safeguarding its position in the shifting global critical minerals market.