Applications of Distribution Phasor Measurement Units for the Integration of Distributed Energy Resources in Modern Distribution Networks

The rapid growth of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) has intensified operational challenges in modern distribution networks, especially with respect to observability, bidirectional power flow, feeder model accuracy, and fast event detection. This review critically examines the role of Distribution Phasor Measurement Units (D-PMUs) in this transition. Rather than only listing reported applications, the paper evaluates the technical and practical conditions under which D-PMUs provide meaningful value beyond conventional monitoring technologies. Particular attention is given to state estimation, event detection, ancillary operation, communication latency, synchronization vulnerability, economic viability, and the limited evidence from field deployment. The review shows that D-PMUs are especially attractive at feeder heads, DER interconnection points, switching locations, and microgrid boundaries, where synchronized phase-angle measurements improve visibility of dynamic and unbalanced phenomena. However, widespread deployment is still constrained by cost, communication infrastructure, interoperability, timing security, and the scarcity of publicly documented utility-scale results. The paper concludes by identifying the most promising research directions, including physics-aware learning, graph-based analytics, edge processing, and application-driven placement strategies for DER-rich distribution systems.