Dynamic Remodeling of Plant Cytoskeleton in Response to Environmental Stress

Enhancing crop stress tolerance to ensure global food security is one of the core challenges in agricultural science. Plants predominantly face biotic and abiotic stresses, to which they respond by activating finely regulated signal perception and transduction pathways, thereby improving their survival in adverse environments. The plant cytoskeleton, composed of microtubules and actin filaments, plays a pivotal role in this adaptive process. It functions both as a hub for integrating external stress signals and as a key regulator of downstream signaling and cellular responses. Upon stress, the cytoskeleton undergoes dynamic remodeling, a process driven mainly by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and actin-binding proteins (ABPs). This review systematically summarizes current knowledge on cytoskeletal remodeling in plants under environmental stress, particularly focusing on the functions and mechanisms of MAPs and ABPs in cytoskeletal remodeling. Furthermore, it outlines the regulatory network through which the plant cytoskeleton orchestrates stress adaptation.